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1.
Parasit Vectors ; 13(1): 193, 2020 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32293524

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: For long time, canine leishmaniosis (CanL) was considered endemic in the southern, central, and insular regions of Italy, whereas heartworm disease (HW) caused by Dirofilaria immitis was considered endemic in the northern region and in the swampy Po Valley. Following the reports of new foci of both diseases, in this study we update the distribution patterns and occurrence of new foci of CanL and HW discussing the main drivers for the changes in the epidemiology of these two important zoonotic canine vector-borne diseases. METHODS: Based on the statistical analyses of serological assays (n = 90,633) on L. infantum exposure and D. immitis infection performed by two reference diagnostic centres in Italy over a ten-year period (2009-2019) irrespective of the anamnesis of dogs. The distribution patterns of both parasites are herein presented along with the occurrence of new foci. RESULTS: Results highlighted the changing distribution patterns of L. infantum vs D. immitis infection in Italy. CanL is endemic in some areas of northern regions and HW has endemic foci in central and southern regions and islands. Significant differences in L. infantum exposure and HW infection prevalence among the study macroareas were detected. The overall results of the positive tested samples were 28.2% in southern Italy and islands, 29.6% in central Italy and 21.6% in northern Italy for L. infantum and 2.83% in northern Italy, 7.75% in central Italy and 4.97% in southern Italy and islands for HW. HW positivity significantly varied over years (χ2 = 108.401, df = 10, P < 0.0001), gradually increasing from 0.77% in 2009 to 8.47% in 2016-2017. CONCLUSIONS: New potential epidemiological scenarios are discussed according to a range of factors (e.g. environmental modifications, occurrence of competent insect vectors, transportation of infected animals to non-endemic areas, chemoprophylaxis or vector preventative measures), which may affect the current distribution. Overall, the results advocate for epidemiological surveillance programmes, more focussed preventative and control measures even in areas where few or no cases of both diseases have been diagnosed.


Subject(s)
Dirofilaria immitis/parasitology , Dirofilariasis/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Animals , Dirofilariasis/prevention & control , Dogs , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Italy/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis/epidemiology , Psychodidae/parasitology , Serologic Tests , Zoonoses
2.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 13(8): e0007626, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31449534

ABSTRACT

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and in Brazil is transmitted mainly by the bite of Lutzomuyia longipalpis sand flies. Data about the presence, distribution, natural infection rate, seasonal and monthly dynamics of the vector population are important for optimizing the measures to control VL in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify sand fly fauna in an endemic area for VL to detect the prevalence of L. infantum infection in the Lu. longipalpis population and to elucidate the influence of bioclimatic factors on the monthly fluctuations of this vector. HP light traps were monthly set in the intradomicile and peridomicile of residences located in the central and beachfront areas of Camaçari, a VL endemic area. The sand fly collection was conducted in two periods: i) period 1-between December 2011 and November 2012 and ii) period 2-August 2014 and July 2015. Sand fly species were identified and detection of L. infantum infection by qPCR was performed in pools of female Lu. longipalpis. For the first time, the parasite load of positive pools was correlated with the number of Lu. longipalpis captured per month in both periods. Correlation analyses between the monthly fluctuation of the sand fly population and bioclimatic indices of the municipality in both collection periods were also performed. In both evaluated periods, more than 98% of the collected sand flies were Lu. longipalpis, confirming the predominance of this species in the region. It was captured mostly in the beachfront area in all months evaluated (99%). For the period 1, Leishmania DNA was detected in 81% of tested pools representing a minimal infection rate of 9.6%. In the period 2, 40% of the pools were positive with a minimal infection rate of 10.2%. Infected sand flies were only detected in the beachfront area in both periods. The parasite load was low and did not vary in the evaluated months despite the number of collected sand flies. No correlation was observed for climatic factors in both areas of Camaçari. These findings emphasize the high risk of Leishmania transmission in Camaçari regardless of the season and that other factors, aside from bioclimatic elements, are influencing the sand fly population monthly fluctuation.


Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Psychodidae/parasitology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Parasite Load , Prevalence , Seasons
3.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 66(6): 2474-2481, 2019 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31339665

ABSTRACT

In this study, we describe the pathology of Leishmania infantum infection in naturally infected wild Leporidae and compare diagnosis of infection using histopathology, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Tissues were analysed from 52 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and 7 Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) from the Community of Madrid (Spain). Our results show that L. infantum infection is associated with only minimal histopathological lesions and that L. infantum amastigotes can be detected by DFA assay in all tissues types tested, including skin. These results were confirmed by qPCR on fresh frozen tissues in 13% of rabbits and 100% of hares. However, L. infantum DNA could not be detected by qPCR on paraffin-embedded tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection. Using the DFA assay to diagnose L. infantum, infection may provide further insights into this disease in wild animals and may allow the precise tissue localization of L. infantum, thereby guiding follow-up tests with more accurate qPCR.


Subject(s)
Hares/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Rabbits/parasitology , Animals , Bone Marrow/parasitology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Heart/parasitology , Kidney/parasitology , Laser Capture Microdissection , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Liver/parasitology , Lung/parasitology , Lymph Nodes/parasitology , Meninges/parasitology , Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology , Pancreas/parasitology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Skin/parasitology , Spain , Spleen/parasitology
4.
Acta Trop ; 174: 118-121, 2017 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28712973

ABSTRACT

Cerdocyon thous presents a wide geographic distribution in Brazil and its role as a possible Leishmania infantum reservoir in a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission cycle regardless of dogs (Canis familiaris) has been discussed. From this perspective, this work describes the occurrence and use of the habitat by Cerdocyon thous in a Lutzomyia longipalpis occurrence area Teresina (Piaui - Brazil), VL endemic region. Three specimens of C. thous were monitored with the use of radio telemetry and trails and footprints, seeking to find possible natural dens in order to collect the sanflies from the site. Luminous CDC and Damasceno traps were simultaneously installed at the visited sites, where two specimens of L. longipalpis and one L. termitophila were captured. The identification of the dens and trails, allows us to infer that the dens are not used only by the C. thous. Finding the VL vector in natural C. thous natural dens, reinforces the hypothesis of transmission of Le. infantum in the outskirts of the large urban centers, in a cycle that independs from dogs.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Psychodidae/parasitology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Dogs , Female , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
6.
Infect Immun ; 85(1)2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27795357

ABSTRACT

Studies of Leishmania donovani have shown that both ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, two enzymes of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, are critical for promastigote proliferation and required for maximum infection in mice. However, the importance of arginase (ARG), the first enzyme of the polyamine pathway in Leishmania, has not been analyzed in L. donovani To test ARG function in intact parasites, we generated Δarg null mutants in L. donovani and evaluated their ability to proliferate in vitro and trigger infections in mice. The Δarg knockout was incapable of growth in the absence of polyamine supplementation, but the auxotrophic phenotype could be bypassed by addition of either millimolar concentrations of ornithine or micromolar concentrations of putrescine or by complementation with either glycosomal or cytosolic versions of ARG. Spermidine supplementation of the medium did not circumvent the polyamine auxotrophy of the Δarg line. Although ARG was found to be essential for ornithine and polyamine synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase appeared to be the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine production. Mouse infectivity studies revealed that the Δarg lesion reduced parasite burdens in livers by an order of magnitude but had little impact on the numbers of parasites recovered from spleens. Thus, ARG is essential for proliferation of promastigotes but not intracellular amastigotes. Coupled with previous studies, these data support a model in which L. donovani amastigotes readily salvage ornithine and have some access to host spermidine pools, while host putrescine appears to be unavailable for salvage by the parasite.


Subject(s)
Arginase/metabolism , Leishmania donovani/metabolism , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Cytosol/metabolism , Cytosol/parasitology , Female , Leishmania infantum/metabolism , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Microbodies/metabolism , Microbodies/parasitology , Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism , Polyamines/metabolism , Putrescine/metabolism
7.
Eur J Pharm Biopharm ; 93: 346-52, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25936854

ABSTRACT

Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoa, is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in terms of drug discovery and development. Current treatment is based on a limited number of chemotherapeutic agents all of which present either/or resistance issues, severe toxicities and adverse reactions associated with extended treatment regimens, and high cost of therapy. Dinitroanilines are a new class of drugs with proven in vitro antileishmanial activity. In previous work a liposomal formulation of one dinitroaniline (TFL) was found to be active against Leishmania parasites in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and in the treatment of experimental canine leishmaniasis. In this study we have investigated the use of dinitroaniline analogues (TFL-A) associated to liposomes, as means to further improve TFL antileishmanial activity. The potential of the liposomal formulations was assessed in vitro against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and in vivo in a murine model of zoonotic VL. Free and liposomal TFL-A were active in vitro against Leishmania parasites, and they also exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and haemolytic activity. Treatment of infected mice with liposomal TFL-A reduced the amastigote loads in the spleen up to 97%, compared with the loads for untreated controls. These findings illustrate that chemical synthesis of new molecules associated with the use of Nano Drug Delivery Systems that naturally target the diseased organs could be a promising strategy for effective management of VL.


Subject(s)
Antiprotozoal Agents/administration & dosage , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Lipids/chemistry , Trifluralin/administration & dosage , Animals , Antiprotozoal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity , Cell Line , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Disease Models, Animal , Hemolysis/drug effects , Humans , Leishmania infantum/growth & development , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Liposomes , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Parasite Load , Spleen/parasitology , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Trifluralin/chemical synthesis , Trifluralin/toxicity
8.
Acta Trop ; 142: 79-85, 2015 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25447832

ABSTRACT

The population structure of Phlebotomus ariasi, a proven vector of Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area, is still poorly understood. Previously, only two microsatellite loci had been developed to study the population genetics of this species. Herein we use these loci and determined fourteen novel microsatellite loci, useful for the characterization of P. ariasi populations. These loci were tested on three populations of P. ariasi, two from France and one from Portugal. In addition, the usefulness of these markers was also evaluated on seven other sandfly species. We show, that for P. ariasi, 15 of the 16 loci selected were polymorphic, with a mean of 4.25 alleles and an observed heterozygosity of 0.299. Within the P. ariasi population of France, 11 loci were polymorphic, with an average of 2.44 alleles and an observed heterozygosity of 0.2177. The fixation index was moderate among the French populations but high between French and Portuguese populations. In addition, eight loci were also found to be amplifiable in six other Phlebotomus species. These results demonstrate the usefulness of this new set of microsatellite loci for population structure and molecular ecology studies of P. ariasi at various spatial scales, but also of other sandfly species.


Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/genetics , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Phlebotomus/genetics , Animals , DNA Primers , Ecology , France , Genetics, Population , Male , Mediterranean Region , Microsatellite Repeats , Portugal
9.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2015. 129 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-942728

ABSTRACT

O município de Belo Horizonte e sua região metropolitana ilustram o mais sério exemplo de expansão da leishmaniose visceral no sudeste do Brasil. O município e o parque Estadual do Sumidouro localizam-se no bioma cerrado, segundo maior bioma terrestre da América do Sul. Os objetivos deste projeto foram:estudar a variação sazonal da fauna flebotomínica no DS Venda Nova (Belo Horizonte) e no PES; descrever os padrões de riqueza e diversidade fauna flebotomínica nas formações vegetais do PES e no DS Venda Nova; determinar a taxa de infecção natural de fêmeas capturadas; estudar a variação morfológica das populações de Lu. longipalpis coletadas nos diferentes ambientes; avaliar os impactos das ações de controle realizadas no DS Venda Nova nas taxas de ocorrência sazonal e densidade das populações de flebotomíneos. Foram realizadas coletadas mensais no período de agosto de 2011 a agosto de 2013. Os insetos foram identificados de acordo com Galati 2003. As fêmeas coletadas não ingurgitadas foram submetidas à extração de DNA e reações de PCR e de PCR-RFLP para a averiguação da infecção natural por espécies de Leishmania. Para comparação das localidades de estudo foi utilizada análise descritiva e índices ecológicos. Para a comparação morfológica trinta casais (quinze proveniente do DS Venda Nova e quinze do PES) da espécie Lu. longipalpis foram medidos, e foram comparados tantos as médias como as variâncias dos caracteres entre os grupos.


As ações de controle da LV no DS Venda Nova realizadas nos período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013 foram analisadas descritivamente e relacionadas à curva sazonal de Lu. longipalpis. A riqueza, a diversidade e a equitabilidade da fauna de flebotomíneos foram marcadamente diferentes entre o DS Venda Nova e o PES. Na área urbana foram coletados 2.247 espécimes pertencentes a cinco gêneros e oito espécies, a curva de acumulação de espécies atingiu a saturação na 19º amostragem. No DS Venda Nova a curva de variação sazonal foi delineada principalmente por Lu. longipalpis e 95,3% dos espécimes pertenciam a esta espécie.


Lu. longipalpis apresentou taxas de infecção natural de 1,01% para Leishmaniainfantum e 1,77% para Leishmaniabraziliensis. No PES foram coletados 4.675 espécimes pertencentes a cinco gêneros e 25 espécies e a curva de acumulação atingiu a saturação na 16º amostragem. No PES não houve uma única espécie que apresentasse padrão tão pronunciado de dominância. Lu. longipalpis correspondeu a 5,35% dos espécimes. Diversas espécies com envolvimento (suspeito ou comprovado) nos ciclos de LTA foram registradas. Uma fêmea do complexo cortellezzi apresentou detecção positiva para Le. braziliensis. A comparação morfométrica e de composição de feromônios indicou grande similaridade entre as duas populações de Lu. longipalpis avaliadas. A análise realizada para correlação das ações de controle com a variação sazonal de Lu. longipalpis indicam a necessidade de estudos pormenorizados para inferências mais robustas. Os resultados evidenciam a dominância da espécie Lu. longipalpis no ambiente urbano, e indicam que as mudanças antrópicas no cerrado podem alterar a composição das populações de flebotomineos e os ciclos de transmissão de patógenos aos humanos.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Phlebotomus/pathogenicity
10.
Salvador; s.n; 2015. 79 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1000980

ABSTRACT

A Erliquiose Monocítica Canina (EMC) e a Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) são duas doenças, transmitidas por vetores, com ampla distribuição mundial. Os agentes causadores dessas doenças são Ehrlichia canis e Leishmania infantum, respectivamente. Enquanto a EMC é transmitida por carrapatos, principalmente Rhipicephalus sanguineus, a Leishmania é inoculada no hospedeiro através do inseto-vetor da subfamilia Phlebotominae. A maioria dos sinais físicos são comuns às duas enfermidades, o que dificulta o diagnóstico clínico e o tratamento, especialmente em áreas endêmicas. Poucos são os estudos relacionados à coinfecção da erliquiose e leishmaniose caninas no Brasil. No Piauí, particularmente em Teresina, ainda não se tem dados concretos sobre a prevalência dessas afecções.Os sinais físicos variam com a severidade da infecção, a resposta imune do hospedeiro e a presença de coinfecção. Assim, buscamos avaliar cães, independente dos sinais físicos, atendidos no hospital universitário e clínicas particulares da cidade de Teresina, Piauí quanto a frequência de erliquiose e leishmaniose caninas no período de março de 2012 a setembro de 2014...


The Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) are the two vector-borne diseases with worldwide distribution. The causative agents of these diseases are Ehrlichia canis and Leishmania infantum, respectively. While CME is transmitted by ticks, especially Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Leishmania is inoculated into the host through the insect vector of the subfamily Phlebotominae. Most clinical signs are common to both conditions, which hinders the clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially in endemic areas. There are few studies related to the coinfection of canine ehrlichiosis and leishmaniasis in Brazil. In Piaui, particularly in Teresina, there is not yet concrete data on the prevalence of these diseases. The clinical signs vary according to the severity of the infection, to the host immune response and to the presence of coinfection. Thus, we sought to evaluate dogs, regardless of clinical signs, seen at university hospital and private clinics in the city of Teresina, Piauí, for the frequency of canine ehrlichiosis and leishmaniasis from March 2012 to September 2014...


Subject(s)
Animals , Ehrlichia/growth & development , Ehrlichia/immunology , Leishmania infantum/growth & development , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/pathogenicity
11.
Salvador; s.n; 2015. 99 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1000989

ABSTRACT

As interações entre flebótomo, parasita e hospedeiro desempenham um papel importante na transmissão da leishmaniose. As moléculas provenientes do vetor são relevantes para estas interações e incluem as proteínas da saliva e do intestino médio. Nos flebótomos, as Leishmanias passam por um ciclo de desenvolvimento complexo dentro do intestino médio sob a proteção da matriz peritrófica, necessário para a geração de formas metacíclicas infectantes. As Leishmanias são transmitidas pelos flebótomos que co-injetam parasitas juntamente com a saliva, na derme do hospedeiro. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a imunização de cães com duas proteínas salivares (LJM17 ou LJL143) de L. longipalpis, resultaram em uma imunidade mediada por células Th1 sistêmica e local afetando a sobrevivência do parasita in vitro. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a imunidade conferida pela imunização de cães com DNA e rCanarypoxvirus expressando o gene que codifica para as proteínas salivares de L. longipalpis (LJM17 e/ou LJL143)...


Sand fly, parasite, host interactions play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Vector molecules are relevant for such interactions and include midgut and salivary proteins. In vector sand fly species, Leishmania parasites undergo a complex developmental cycle within the midgut, protected by the peritrophic matrix that is necessary for generation of infectious metacyclics. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sand flies that co-inject parasites and saliva, in the host’s skin. Previous studies showed immunization of dogs with two proteins (LJM17 or LJL143) from Lutzomyia longipalpis, resulted in a systemic and local Th1 cell-mediated immunity affecting parasite survival in vitro. In this work we evaluated the immunity conferredbyimmunization of dogs with DNA and recombinant Canarypoxvírusexpressing the gene encoding the salivary ofL.longipalpis (LJM17and/orLJL143). Immunization with both LJL143 and LJM17...


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmania/immunology , Leishmania/parasitology , Vaccines/analysis , Vaccines/immunology , Vaccines/blood
12.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 34(12): 1243-1246, dez. 2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-736059

ABSTRACT

Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum (synonym: Leishmania chagasi) and transmitted by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil. It is an endemic zoonosis in several regions of the country, including Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais). In urban areas, the domestic dog is susceptible and considered the most important animal reservoir. However, L. infantum has been previously diagnosed in other species, including captive primates and canids. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the agent DNA in captive animals as well as some free ranging animals from the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Eighty one blood samples from primates, carnivores, ruminants, edentates, marsupial, and a monogastric herbivore were analyzed. Three primates Alouatta guariba (brown howler monkey), and two canids Speothos venaticus (bush dog) were positive, demonstrating the importance of leishmaniasis control in endemic areas for preservation of wildlife species in captivity.


A leishmaniose visceral é uma doença infecciosa crônica de mamíferos causada, no Brasil, pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum (sinonímia: Leishmania chagasi) e transmitida pelo flebótomo Lutzomyia longipalpis. Trata-se de uma zoonose endêmica em muitas regiões do Brasil, inclusive em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Em centros urbanos, leishmaniose visceral acomete principalmente o cão doméstico. Entretanto, L. infantum já foi diagnosticada em outras espécies, incluindo canídeos e primatas de cativeiro em zoológicos. Este estudo buscou avaliar a presença do DNA deste agente em animais de cativeiro e de vida livre da Fundação Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte através da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Foram analisadas oitenta e uma amostras de sangue oriundas de primatas, carnívoros, ruminantes, edentatos, marsupial e herbívoro de estômago simples. Três primatas Alouatta guariba (bugio marrom) e dois canídeos Speothos venaticus (cachorro-do-mato-vinagre), foram positivos, demonstrando a importância do controle da leishmaniose em áreas endêmicas com a finalidade de conservar a fauna silvestre mantida em cativeiro.


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Mammals
13.
Salvador; s.n; 2014. 77 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1000936

ABSTRACT

A leishmaniose visceral é causada pelo parasita Leishmania infantum. A infecção ocorre quando flebótomos infectados se alimentam na derme do hospedeiro vertebrado, inoculando o parasita. A infecção produz uma resposta com diversas moléculas inflamatórias, como os mediadores lipídicos. O fator de ativação de plaquetas (PAF) é um potente mediador lipídico derivado de um lisofosfolipídio. PAF participa da fisiologia normal da célula e possui um perfil pró-inflamatório. A participação de mediadores lipídicos, como eicosanóides e PAF, já foi identificada na imunopatogênese das leishmanioses. PAF gerado pelo hospedeiro tem efeito leishmanicida e de controle da infecção por L. amazonensis. PAF-acetilhidrolases (PAF-AH) são fosfolipases A2 que hidrolisam PAF e foi demonstrado que PAF-AH podem ser um fator de virulência devido a essa habilidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o papel do PAF e de uma PAF-AH na infecção de macrófagos por L. infantum. Foi observado que PAF 1μM, quando adicionado durante e após a infecção, foi capaz de diminuir 50% da infecção após 72 horas, bem como a viabilidade dos parasitas dentro dos macrófagos num mecanismos independente do seu receptor PAFR e da produção de óxido nítrico. PAF 10μM interrompeu o crescimento de promastigotas de L. infantum em cultura axênica. Uma PAFAH, com elevada identidade e semelhança com PLA2/PAF-AH de outros tripanossomatídeos, foi identificada no genoma de L. infantum. A clonagem e expressão recombinante produziu uma proteína de cerca de 69kDa, com atividade PAF-AH. Frações celulares do parasita, enriquecidas com estruturas de membrana também apresentaram atividade PAF-AH. Os resultados indicam que PAF é capaz de diminuir a infecção de macrófagos por L. infantum e que o parasita possui uma PAF-AH funcional possivelmente envolvida com sua virulência.


Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum parasites. Infection occurs when infected sandflies feed on vertebrate host skin delivering the parasite which survive, multiply and spread on the parasitophorous vacuoles of macrophages. The inflammatory response during the infection leads to the production of diverse bioactive molecules, as lipid mediators. The platelet activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator derived from a lysophospholipid. PAF has a role in normal cellular physiology, acting as proinflamatory molecule. The participation of some lipid mediators, as eicosanoids and PAF has been identified in leishmaniasis. PAF produced by the host is able to kill the parasite and control the infection by L. amazonensis. PAF-acetylhydrolases (PAF-AH) are phospholipases A2 (PLA2) that hydrolyse PAF, and possibly involved in pathogen virulence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PAF on macrophages infection by L. infantum and identify a PAF-AH expressed by the parasite. PAF 1μM, added during and after the infection, was able to reduce approximately 50% of infection, as well as, the viability of parasites inside macrophages. Apparently this reduction occurs by an classical PAF receptor and nitric oxide production independent mechanism. PAF 10μM inhibited L. infantum promastigotes growing in axenic culture. A PAF-AH with high identity to PLA2/PAF-AH of others trypanosomatids was identified in L. infantum genome. The cloning and recombinant expression produced a 69kDa protein with PAF-AH activity. Cellular fractions from parasites, with membrane structures also presented PAF-AH activity. The results suggest that PAF is able to decrease machophage infection by L. infantum witch has a functional PAFAH possibly related to its virulence.


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/pathogenicity , Blood Platelets/immunology , Blood Platelets/parasitology , Blood Platelets/pathology
14.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2013. XVI, 82 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-760545

ABSTRACT

A emergência de espécies de Leishmania resistentes ao antimonial é um grave problema em vários países. A quimioterapia é a medida mais importante para o controle das leishmanioses, visto que não existe ainda uma vacina eficiente para uso em humanos. Além disso, o controle vetorial é difícil em razão das características ambientais muito diversas e da existência de um grande número de reservatórios domésticos e silvestres dificulta também o controle. Os antimoniais pentavalentes, SbV, são os medicamentos de primeira escolha no tratamento de todas as formas de leishmaniose em vários países. Apesar de serem amplamente utilizados na quimioterapia das leishmanioses por mais de setenta anos, apresentam alta toxicidade no tratamento clínico. Também, alguns pacientes são resistentes ao tratamento clínico com esses compostos. Neste trabalho, realizou-se uma análise proteômica comparativa entre linhagensde L. braziliensis e L. infantum sensíveis e resistentes ao SbIII mediante a utilização da metodologia 2-DE, seguida por espectrometria de massas (LC/MS/MS). Nesta tese utiliza-se a nomenclatura L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi). A análise comparativa dos perfis proteômicos entre as linhagens de Leishmania analisadas revelou que 192 spots foram únicos e/ou mais abundantes. Dos 132 spots proteicos submetidos à análise por MS, 80 foram identificados correspondendo a 57 proteínas distintas. A análise comparativa dos dados mostrou que a maioriadas proteínas com abundância diferencial em ambas as espécies está envolvida na defesa antioxidante, na resposta geral ao estresse, no metabolismo de glicose e de aminoácidos e na organização do citoesqueleto. Cinco proteínas foram mais abundantes em ambas as linhagens de Leishmania resistentes ao SbIII: triparedoxina peroxidase, alfa-tubulina, HSP83, HSP70 e HSP60...


Os ensaios de Western blotting 1-DE e 2-DE confirmaram os dados da análise proteômica. Estes ensaios revelaram que a ciclofilina-A é menos expressa em ambas as linhagens resistentes, LbSbR eLcSbR. De outro lado, a pteridina redutase é mais expressa na linhagem resistente LbSbR e apresenta nível de expressão similar entre as linhagens sensíveis e resistentes de L. infantum. Atriparedoxina peroxidase é mais abundante em ambas as linhagens resistentes, LbSbR e LcSbR. Estes resultados sugerem que o aumento da expressão de enzimas da defesa antioxidante pode desempenhar papel significativo na resistência dos parasitos aos antimoniais. Em conjunto, osdados mostram que o mecanismo de resistência de Leishmania spp. ao antimônio é complexo e multifatorial. É importante ressaltar que entre as 57 proteínas identificadas como diferencialmente adundantes entre as linhagens de Leishmania spp. sensíveis e resistentes ao antimonial 17 foram identificadas anteriormente por outros autores e que as outras 40 foram observadas apenas em nossa análise proteômica de linhagens de Leishmania spp. resistentes ao SbIII. Acreditamos que algumas dessas proteínas estejam associadas com a resposta geral ao estresse e que outras podem estar associadas ao mecanismo de resistência ao antimônio em Leishmania spp. Neste contexto, a futura análise funcional será muito importante para determinar a possível associação destas proteínas com o fenótipo de resistência de Leishmania aos antimoniais...


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania braziliensis/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis/drug therapy
15.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2013. XVI, 82 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-940882

ABSTRACT

A emergência de espécies de Leishmania resistentes ao antimonial é um grave problema em vários países. A quimioterapia é a medida mais importante para o controle das leishmanioses, visto que não existe ainda uma vacina eficiente para uso em humanos. Além disso, o controle vetorial é difícil em razão das características ambientais muito diversas e da existência de um grande número de reservatórios domésticos e silvestres dificulta também o controle. Os antimoniais pentavalentes, SbV, são os medicamentos de primeira escolha no tratamento de todas as formas de leishmaniose em vários países. Apesar de serem amplamente utilizados na quimioterapia das leishmanioses por mais de setenta anos, apresentam alta toxicidade no tratamento clínico. Também, alguns pacientes são resistentes ao tratamento clínico com esses compostos. Neste trabalho, realizou-se uma análise proteômica comparativa entre linhagensde L. braziliensis e L. infantum sensíveis e resistentes ao SbIII mediante a utilização da metodologia 2-DE, seguida por espectrometria de massas (LC/MS/MS). Nesta tese utiliza-se a nomenclatura L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi). A análise comparativa dos perfis proteômicos entre as linhagens de Leishmania analisadas revelou que 192 spots foram únicos e/ou mais abundantes. Dos 132 spots proteicos submetidos à análise por MS, 80 foram identificados correspondendo a 57 proteínas distintas. A análise comparativa dos dados mostrou que a maioriadas proteínas com abundância diferencial em ambas as espécies está envolvida na defesa antioxidante, na resposta geral ao estresse, no metabolismo de glicose e de aminoácidos e na organização do citoesqueleto. Cinco proteínas foram mais abundantes em ambas as linhagens de Leishmania resistentes ao SbIII: triparedoxina peroxidase, alfa-tubulina, HSP83, HSP70 e HSP60.


Os ensaios de Western blotting 1-DE e 2-DE confirmaram os dados da análise proteômica. Estes ensaios revelaram que a ciclofilina-A é menos expressa em ambas as linhagens resistentes, LbSbR eLcSbR. De outro lado, a pteridina redutase é mais expressa na linhagem resistente LbSbR e apresenta nível de expressão similar entre as linhagens sensíveis e resistentes de L. infantum. Atriparedoxina peroxidase é mais abundante em ambas as linhagens resistentes, LbSbR e LcSbR. Estes resultados sugerem que o aumento da expressão de enzimas da defesa antioxidante pode desempenhar papel significativo na resistência dos parasitos aos antimoniais. Em conjunto, osdados mostram que o mecanismo de resistência de Leishmania spp. ao antimônio é complexo e multifatorial. É importante ressaltar que entre as 57 proteínas identificadas como diferencialmente adundantes entre as linhagens de Leishmania spp. sensíveis e resistentes ao antimonial 17 foram identificadas anteriormente por outros autores e que as outras 40 foram observadas apenas em nossa análise proteômica de linhagens de Leishmania spp. resistentes ao SbIII. Acreditamos que algumas dessas proteínas estejam associadas com a resposta geral ao estresse e que outras podem estar associadas ao mecanismo de resistência ao antimônio em Leishmania spp. Neste contexto, a futura análise funcional será muito importante para determinar a possível associação destas proteínas com o fenótipo de resistência de Leishmania aos antimoniais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania braziliensis/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis/drug therapy
16.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 50(5): 341-352, 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-789894

ABSTRACT

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is among the most important vector-borne diseases that occur in Brazil, mainly due to its zoonotic nature. It is currently present in almost all Brazilian territory, and its control is a challenge both for veterinarians and for public health officials. The etiologic agent is Leishmania infantum (syn chagasi), and the main vector in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis. Of all animals identified as reservoirs of VL, the dog is considered the most important domestic reservoir. Although the disease has already been identified in cats, the epidemiological role of this animal species is still unclear. This article presents a brief review of the epidemiological situation of the disease, its mode of transmission, clinical features in dogs and cats as well as possible risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease in Brazil.


A leishmaniose visceral (LV) está entre as mais importantes doenças transmitidas por vetores que ocorrem no Brasil, principalmente devido ao seu caráter zoonótico. Atualmente, está presente em quase todo o território brasileiro, e seu controle é um desafio tanto para médicos veterinários como para agentes de saúde pública. O agente etiológico da doença é a Leishmania infantum (syn chagasi), e o principal vetor no Brasil é a Lutzomyia longipalpis. De todos os animais identificados como reservatórios da LV, o cão é considerado o reservatório doméstico mais importante. Apesar da doença já ter sido identificada em gatos, o papel epidemiológico desta espécie animal ainda é incerto. O presente artigo apresenta uma breve revisão sobre a situação epidemiológica da doença, a sua forma de transmissão, os aspectos clínicos nos cães e gatos, bem como possíveis fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da doença no Brasil.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/etiology , Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data , Zoonoses/etiology
17.
Cad. saúde pública ; 28(12): 2306-2314, dez. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-661157

ABSTRACT

This study analyzed factors associated with asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infection in family members and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 361 individuals in the counties comprising Ilha de São Luís (São Luís Island) in Maranhão State, Brazil. The Montenegro skin test (MST) and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to detect infection. Odds ratios (OR) and prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by multilevel logistic regression and Poisson regression, respectively. The rates of positive reactions were 71.3% for MST and 9.7% for ELISA. The variable associated with infection according to MST was living in the same household as the index case (PR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.03-1.78). According to ELISA, the statistically significant variables were: living in the county of Raposa (OR = 3.56; 95%CI: 1.24-10.19) and living in the same household as the index case (OR = 2.70; 95%CI: 1.19-6.08). Family members of individuals with LV are at increased risk of infection. Priority control measures should target these families.


Este estudo transversal analisou os fatores associados à infecção assintomática por Leishmania chagasi em familiares e vizinhos de pacientes com leishmaniose visceral (LV) e foi realizado com 361 indivíduos nos municípios que compõem a Ilha de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Foram realizadas a Intradermorreação de Montenegro (IDRM) e a sorologia por Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) para detectar a infecção. Razões de chances (RC) e razões de prevalências (RP) e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) foram estimadas por meio de regressão logística multinível e regressão de Poisson, respectivamente. A proporção de positivos foi de 71,3% para a IDRM e de 9,7% para o ELISA. A variável associada à infecção segundo a IDRM foi residir no domicílio do caso índice (RP = 1,36; IC95%: 1,03-1,78). Pelo ELISA, as variáveis com significância estatística foram: residir no Município de Raposa (RC = 3,56; IC95%: 1,24-10,19) e no domicílio do caso índice (RC = 2,70; IC95%: 1,19-6,08). Familiares de indivíduos com LV têm maior risco de infecção. Medidas de controle devem ser efetivadas e direcionadas prioritariamente a essas famílias.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Asymptomatic Infections , Family Health , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Serologic Tests
18.
Cad Saude Publica ; 28(12): 2306-14, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23288063

ABSTRACT

This study analyzed factors associated with asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infection in family members and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 361 individuals in the counties comprising Ilha de São Luís (São Luís Island) in Maranhão State, Brazil. The Montenegro skin test (MST) and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to detect infection. Odds ratios (OR) and prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by multilevel logistic regression and Poisson regression, respectively. The rates of positive reactions were 71.3% for MST and 9.7% for ELISA. The variable associated with infection according to MST was living in the same household as the index case (PR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.03-1.78). According to ELISA, the statistically significant variables were: living in the county of Raposa (OR = 3.56; 95%CI: 1.24-10.19) and living in the same household as the index case (OR = 2.70; 95%CI: 1.19-6.08). Family members of individuals with LV are at increased risk of infection. Priority control measures should target these families.


Subject(s)
Asymptomatic Infections , Family Health , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Adolescent , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Serologic Tests
19.
Mol Biochem Parasitol ; 180(2): 123-6, 2011 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21907738

ABSTRACT

Leishmania cannot synthesize purines de novo and therefore must scavenge purines from its host for survival and growth. Biochemical and genomic analyses have indicated that Leishmania species express three potential routes for the synthesis of guanylate nucleotides: (1) a two-step pathway that converts IMP to GMP; (2) a three-step pathway that starts with the deamination of guanine to xanthine, followed by phosphoribosylation to XMP and then conversion to GMP; or (3) direct guanine phosphoribosylation by HGPRT. To determine the role of the first of these pathways to guanylate nucleotide synthesis, an L. donovani line deficient in IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the first step in the IMP to GMP pathway, was constructed by targeted gene replacement. The Δimpdh lesion triggered a highly restrictive growth phenotype in promastigotes in culture but did not impact parasitemias in mice. The dispensability of IMPDH in vivo is the first definitive demonstration that intracellular L. donovani amastigotes have access to a sufficient pool of guanine, xanthine, or guanylate precursors from the host.


Subject(s)
IMP Dehydrogenase/deficiency , Leishmania donovani/enzymology , Leishmania donovani/growth & development , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Guanosine Monophosphate/metabolism , Humans , IMP Dehydrogenase/genetics , Leishmania donovani/genetics , Leishmania donovani/physiology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Phenotype , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Ribonucleotides/metabolism , Xanthine
20.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 106(2): 182-9, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21537678

ABSTRACT

Domestic dogs are considered to be the main reservoirs of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. In this work, we evaluated a protocol to induce Leishmania infantum/Leishmania chagasi-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in dogs, which consisted of two injections of Leishmania promastigote lysate followed by a subcutaneous inoculation of viable promastigotes. The primary objective was to establish a canine experimental model to provide positive controls for testing immune responses to Leishmania in laboratory conditions. After inoculation of viable promastigotes, specific proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to either Leishmania lysate or recombinant proteins, the in vitro production of interferon-γ by antigen-stimulated PBMCs and a significant increase in circulating levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies were observed. The immunized dogs also displayed positive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to Leishmania crude antigens and to purified recombinant proteins. An important finding that supports the suitability of the dogs as positive controls is that they remained healthy for the entire observation period, i.e., more than seven years after infection. Following the Leishmania antigen lysate injections, the infection of dogs by the subcutaneous route appears to induce a sustained cellular immune response, leading to an asymptomatic infection. This provides a useful model for both the selection of immunogenic Leishmania antigens and for immunobiological studies on their possible immunoprotective activities.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Dog Diseases/immunology , Immunity, Cellular/immunology , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology , Cell Proliferation , Dogs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Leishmania infantum/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Models, Animal , Time Factors
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